Study on the Regeneration of Waste FCC Catalyst by Boron Modification

Regeneration has been considered as an ideal way for the post-treatment of waste FCC catalyst (ECat). In this work, the degeneration mechanism of ECat was firstly researched and attributed to the increasing of strong acid sites accessibility of ECat in contrast with fresh FCC catalyst by adsorption FTIR. Based on the proposed degeneration mechanism, ECat was successfully regenerated through suitable weakening for strong acid sites by boron modification. Characterization and evaluation results suggested that, the strong acid sites of regenerated ECat (R-ECat) were apparently decreased by boron modification which had significantly improve the heavy oil catalytic cracking performance of R-ECat. Because of the excellent performance, R-ECat in this work could successfully substitute for partial fresh FCC catalyst in FCC unit, which would provide a practicable way for the reutilization of ECat.


Introduction
Presently, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is still an important processing technology for lightening of heavy oil, in which FCC catalyst has played a key role and greatly influenced the performance of FCC unit [1,2].As solid acid catalyst, FCC catalyst is usually consisted of zeolites, matrix and binder, in which zeolites are the critical active component and provide most of acid sites for FCC reaction [3].In practical, FCC catalysts often severely degenerate after several runs in FCC unit because of the harsh condition of FCC reaction, which could seriously influence the running of FCC unit and thus bring about a great quantity of waste FCC catalyst (ECat) [4].Therefore, the post-treatment for these waste FCC catalyst has become a serious issue for refinery and been paid more and more attention [5].
From the points of environment and economy, regeneration has been considered as an ideal post-treatment way for ECat, which could improve the catalytic cracking performance and thus realize the reusing of ECat in FCC unit [6].Currently, the regeneration methods for ECat are mostly based on acid-extracting processes which could recover the structure properties and remove partial contaminated metals (V, Ni and Fe) for ECat [7].For example, Cho et al. had removed contaminated metals from ECat by weak acid extracting and effectively enhanced the catalytic activity of ECat [8].However, acid-extracting processes usually suffer from serious drawbacks such as complicated procedure, severe reaction condition and acid waste liquid discharge, which have extremely restricted their application in practice.Therefore, it is eagerly demanded to develop an effective regeneration method that with features of simple procedure, moderated reaction condition and environmental friendly for ECat.
Based on the above fact, in this work, the degeneration for ECat was firstly discussed from the viewpoint of strong acid sites accessibility.According to the proposed degeneration mechanism, a novel and highly effective regeneration method through boron modification for ECat was developed.Furthermore, besides highly effective, the regeneration method in this work also possesses features such as simple procedure, low cost and environmental friendly in compared with conventional acid-extracting process, which would provide a viable method to realize the reusing of ECat.

Research on the Degeneration of ECat
Mostly, the degeneration of ECat has been attributed to the decreasing of acid sites that mainly caused by the destruction of zeolites in ECat in compared with fresh FCC catalyst [9].Therefore, acid-extracting has been mostly used for the regeneration of ECat through enhancing the surface acidity of ECat [10].However, strong surface acidity also could obviously promote the over-cracking and coking reactions of heavy oil, which would prominently increase the yields of dry gas and coke and thus seriously influence the catalytic cracking performance for regenerated ECat made by acid-extracting [11].
Different from the general understanding on the degeneration of ECat, the degeneration mechanism was firstly investigated from the point of strong acid sites accessibility of ECat in this work.Commonly, the micropore structure of zeolites in ECat is seriously destroyed in contrast with fresh FCC catalyst, which would obviously increase the strong acid sites accessibility of ECat for big heavy oil molecules.As a result, it is reasonable to infer that the coking and over-cracking reactions that easily-induced by strong acid sites over ECat would obviously increase in compared with fresh FCC catalyst and thus cause the degeneration of ECat.
To verify the above inference, adsorption FT-IR spectra were used to measure the strong acid sites accessibilities for fresh FCC catalyst and ECat with Py and DTBPy as probe molecules.As it reported, the areas of characteristic IR peaks for Py and DTBPy were proportional to the quantities of corresponding acid sites [12].Here, the IR peak area for Py (A Py ) after desorption at 400 • C is used to represent the quantity of total strong acid sites because of the small size of Py.Because of the big molecule size, the IR peak area for DTBPy (A DTBPy ) after desorption at 400 • C is used to represent the quantity for the strong acid sites that could be accessed by big heavy oil molecules.Therefore, the value of A DTBPy /A Py could be used to compare the strong acid sites accessibilities for different catalyst samples in the fact that bigger A DTBPy /A Py would mean higher strong acid sites accessibility [13].
Figure 1 displays the Py-FTIR and DTBPy-FTIR spectra after desorption at 400 • C for fresh FCC catalyst and ECat.As it shown, the characteristic peaks at 1540 cm −1 and 3500 cm −1 could be attributed to the strong B acid sites that adsorbed by Py and DTBPy respectively [14].
Molecules 2024, 29, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 modification for ECat was developed.Furthermore, besides highly effective, the regener method in this work also possesses features such as simple procedure, low cost and env mental friendly in compared with conventional acid-extracting process, which would pro a viable method to realize the reusing of ECat.

Research on the Degeneration of ECat
Mostly, the degeneration of ECat has been attributed to the decreasing of acid site mainly caused by the destruction of zeolites in ECat in compared with fresh FCC cataly Therefore, acid-extracting has been mostly used for the regeneration of ECat through enh ing the surface acidity of ECat [10].However, strong surface acidity also could obviously mote the over-cracking and coking reactions of heavy oil, which would prominently inc the yields of dry gas and coke and thus seriously influence the catalytic cracking perform for regenerated ECat made by acid-extracting [11].
Different from the general understanding on the degeneration of ECat, the degener mechanism was firstly investigated from the point of strong acid sites accessibility of EC this work.Commonly, the micropore structure of zeolites in ECat is seriously destroy contrast with fresh FCC catalyst, which would obviously increase the strong acid sites a sibility of ECat for big heavy oil molecules.As a result, it is reasonable to infer that the co and over-cracking reactions that easily-induced by strong acid sites over ECat would ously increase in compared with fresh FCC catalyst and thus cause the degeneration of E To verify the above inference, adsorption FT-IR spectra were used to measure the s acid sites accessibilities for fresh FCC catalyst and ECat with Py and DTBPy as probe m cules.As it reported, the areas of characteristic IR peaks for Py and DTBPy were proport to the quantities of corresponding acid sites [12].Here, the IR peak area for Py (APy) afte sorption at 400 °C is used to represent the quantity of total strong acid sites because o small size of Py.Because of the big molecule size, the IR peak area for DTBPy (ADTBPy) desorption at 400 °C is used to represent the quantity for the strong acid sites that cou accessed by big heavy oil molecules.Therefore, the value of ADTBPy/APy could be used to pare the strong acid sites accessibilities for different catalyst samples in the fact that b ADTBPy/APy would mean higher strong acid sites accessibility [13].
Figure 1 displays the Py-FTIR and DTBPy-FTIR spectra after desorption at 400 ° fresh FCC catalyst and ECat.As it shown, the characteristic peaks at 1540 cm −1 and 3500 could be attributed to the strong B acid sites that adsorbed by Py and DTBPy respectively The A DTBPy /A Py values derived from Figure 1 for fresh FCC catalyst and ECat are shown in Figure 2. As it shown, the A DTBPy /A Py value for ECat is much bigger than that of fresh FCC catalyst, indicating that the strong acid sites accessibility of ECat for big heavy oil molecules would be obviously higher than that of fresh FCC catalyst, which fully demonstrates the above inference on the degeneration of ECat.
The ADTBPy/APy values derived from Figure 1 for fresh FCC catalyst and ECat are shown in Figure 2. As it shown, the ADTBPy/APy value for ECat is much bigger than that of fresh FCC catalyst, indicating that the strong acid sites accessibility of ECat for big heavy oil molecules would be obviously higher than that of fresh FCC catalyst, which fully demonstrates the above inference on the degeneration of ECat.

The Regeneration Mechanism of Boron Modification for ECat
Based on the above results, if the strong acid sites of ECat could be weaken suitably, the catalytic cracking performance of ECat would be effectively improved to achieve the regeneration for ECat duo to the decreasing for over-cracking and coking reactions in FCC process.
According to previous reports, as it shown in Figure 3, boron could react with framework Al species of zeolites in calcination, which had decreased the acid sites quantity of (especially for strong acid sites) of zeolites [15,16].Therefore, in this work, boron modification was adopted for the regeneration of ECat through decreasing the strong acid sites quantity of ECat.

Characterization Results
The physiochemical properties for ECat and R-ECat are listed in Table 1.As it shown, the surface area, pore volume and contaminated metals contents (V, Ni and Fe) for R-ECat are not much different with that of ECat parent, suggesting that the regeneration of ECat by boron modification in this work are not based on the alteration of the above physiochemical properties.

The Regeneration Mechanism of Boron Modification for ECat
Based on the above results, if the strong acid sites of ECat could be weaken suitably, the catalytic cracking performance of ECat would be effectively improved to achieve the regeneration for ECat duo to the decreasing for over-cracking and coking reactions in FCC process.
According to previous reports, as it shown in Figure 3, boron could react with framework Al species of zeolites in calcination, which had decreased the acid sites quantity of (especially for strong acid sites) of zeolites [15,16].Therefore, in this work, boron modification was adopted for the regeneration of ECat through decreasing the strong acid sites quantity of ECat.
The ADTBPy/APy values derived from Figure 1 for fresh FCC catalyst and ECat are shown in Figure 2. As it shown, the ADTBPy/APy value for ECat is much bigger than that of fresh FCC catalyst, indicating that the strong acid sites accessibility of ECat for big heavy oil molecules would be obviously higher than that of fresh FCC catalyst, which fully demonstrates the above inference on the degeneration of ECat.

The Regeneration Mechanism of Boron Modification for ECat
Based on the above results, if the strong acid sites of ECat could be weaken suitably, the catalytic cracking performance of ECat would be effectively improved to achieve the regeneration for ECat duo to the decreasing for over-cracking and coking reactions in FCC process.
According to previous reports, as it shown in Figure 3, boron could react with framework Al species of zeolites in calcination, which had decreased the acid sites quantity of (especially for strong acid sites) of zeolites [15,16].Therefore, in this work, boron modification was adopted for the regeneration of ECat through decreasing the strong acid sites quantity of ECat.

Characterization Results
The physiochemical properties for ECat and R-ECat are listed in Table 1.As it shown, the surface area, pore volume and contaminated metals contents (V, Ni and Fe) for R-ECat are not much different with that of ECat parent, suggesting that the regeneration of ECat by boron modification in this work are not based on the alteration of the above physiochemical properties.

Characterization Results
The physiochemical properties for ECat and R-ECat are listed in Table 1.As it shown, the surface area, pore volume and contaminated metals contents (V, Ni and Fe) for R-ECat are not much different with that of ECat parent, suggesting that the regeneration of ECat by boron modification in this work are not based on the alteration of the above physiochemical properties.Figure 4 exhibits the NH3-TPD profiles of ECat and R-ECat.As it shown, both ECat and R-ECat display two main NH3-desorption peaks at around of 200 °C and 400 °C respectively, which could be attributed to moderated acid sites and strong acid sites respectively [17].Compared with ECat, the NH3-desorption peak area at around of 400 °C for R-ECat obviously decreases, indicating the strong acid sites of R-ECat are successfully weaken by boron modification.The Py-FTIR spectra for ECat and R-ECat at different desorption temperature are shown in Figure 5.As it shown in Figure 5, the IR peaks at 1450 cm −1 and 1540 cm −1 for ECat and R-ECat could be attributed to L acid sites and B acid sites respectively.It can be seen from Figure 5a that, the IR peaks area of L acid sites and B acid sites after desorption at 200 °C for R-ECat are relatively closed to ECat, indicating that there is not too much difference in total acid sites quantity between ECat and R-ECat.Contrastively, as it shown in Figure 5b, the IR peaks area of L acid sites and B acid sites after desorption at 400 °C for R-ECat are visibly less than that of ECat, suggesting that the total quantity of strong acid sites for R-ECat is obviously decreased in compared with ECat because of boron modification.The Py-FTIR spectra for ECat and R-ECat at different desorption temperature are shown in Figure 5.As it shown in Figure 5, the IR peaks at 1450 cm −1 and 1540 cm −1 for ECat and R-ECat could be attributed to L acid sites and B acid sites respectively.It can be seen from Figure 5a that, the IR peaks area of L acid sites and B acid sites after desorption at 200 • C for R-ECat are relatively closed to ECat, indicating that there is not too much difference in total acid sites quantity between ECat and R-ECat.Contrastively, as it shown in Figure 5b, the IR peaks area of L acid sites and B acid sites after desorption at 400 • C for R-ECat are visibly less than that of ECat, suggesting that the total quantity of strong acid sites for R-ECat is obviously decreased in compared with ECat because of boron modification.The specific acid sites quantities derived from Py-FTIR after desorption at 200 °C 400 °C for ECat and R-ECat are listed in Table 2.It can be seen from Table 2 that, the q tities of L acid sites, B acid sites and total acid sites at 200 °C for R-ECat had slightl creased in contrast with ECat.Compared with ECat, the strong acid sites quantities acid sites, B acid sites and total acid sites at 400 °C for R-ECat all obviously decre which is in good agreement with the result of NH3-TPD.The specific acid sites quantities derived from Py-FTIR after desorption at 200 • C and 400 • C for ECat and R-ECat are listed in Table 2.It can be seen from Table 2 that, the quantities of L acid sites, B acid sites and total acid sites at 200 • C for R-ECat had slightly decreased in contrast with ECat.Compared with ECat, the strong acid sites quantities of L acid sites, B acid sites and total acid sites at 400 • C for R-ECat all obviously decreased, which is in good agreement with the result of NH 3 -TPD.

Evaluation Results of Heavy Oil Catalytic Cracking
The heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for ECat, R-ECat and fresh catalyst are exhibited in Figure 6.As it exhibited, the dry gas, bottom and coke yields for R-ECat had decreased by 0.37%, 1.41% and 1.51% respectively in comparison with ECat, with gasoline, diesel and total liquid (LPG + gasoline + diesel) yields obvious increasing by 2.29%, 1.28% and 3.29% respectively.The above results fully demonstrate that the heavy oil catalytic cracking performance of ECat could be significantly improved by boron modification in this work, which would provide an effective way for the regeneration of ECat.The heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for ECat, R-ECat and fresh catalyst at different catalyst/oil mass ratios were also investigated.As it shown in Figure 7, the gasoline and total liquid yields of R-ECat are much higher than that of ECat at different catalyst/oil mass ratios meanwhile with obviously lower dry gas and coke yields, which further demonstrate the excellent heavy oil catalytic cracking performance of R-ECat.The heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for ECat, R-ECat and fresh catalyst at different catalyst/oil mass ratios were also investigated.As it shown in Figure 7, the gasoline and total liquid yields of R-ECat are much higher than that of ECat at different catalyst/oil mass ratios meanwhile with obviously lower dry gas and coke yields, which further demonstrate the excellent heavy oil catalytic cracking performance of R-ECat.
To confirm if the R-ECat could substitute for fresh FCC catalyst partially, the pure fresh FCC catalyst and blended catalyst that composited of 70% fresh FCC catalyst and 30% R-ECat were evaluated in one batch.As it shown in Figure 8, compared with fresh FCC catalyst, the heavy oil catalytic cracking performance of blended FCC catalyst is not visibly different, which indicate that the R-ECat in this work could be reused in FCC unit as substitute for partial fresh FCC catalyst without obvious influence on heavy oil catalytic cracking performance.
The heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for ECat, R-ECat and fresh catalyst at different catalyst/oil mass ratios were also investigated.As it shown in Figure 7, the gasoline and total liquid yields of R-ECat are much higher than that of ECat at different catalyst/oil mass ratios meanwhile with obviously lower dry gas and coke yields, which further demonstrate the excellent heavy oil catalytic cracking performance of R-ECat.To confirm if the R-ECat could substitute for fresh FCC catalyst partially, the pure fresh FCC catalyst and blended catalyst that composited of 70% fresh FCC catalyst and 30% R-ECat were evaluated in one batch.As it shown in Figure 8, compared with fresh FCC catalyst, the heavy oil catalytic cracking performance of blended FCC catalyst is not visibly different, which indicate that the R-ECat in this work could be reused in FCC unit as substitute for partial fresh FCC catalyst without obvious influence on heavy oil catalytic cracking performance.To confirm if the R-ECat could substitute for fresh FCC catalyst partially, the pure fresh FCC catalyst and blended catalyst that composited of 70% fresh FCC catalyst and 30% R-ECat were evaluated in one batch.As it shown in Figure 8, compared with fresh FCC catalyst, the heavy oil catalytic cracking performance of blended FCC catalyst is not visibly different, which indicate that the R-ECat in this work could be reused in FCC unit as substitute for partial fresh FCC catalyst without obvious influence on heavy oil catalytic cracking performance.

Conclusions
(1) The degeneration mechanism of ECat was researched based on the strong acid sites accessibility by adsorption FTIR.The results suggested that the strong acid sites accessibility of ECat was obviously higher than that of fresh FCC catalyst, which would obviously promote the over-cracking and coking reactions in FCC process and thus cause the performance regeneration of ECat.(2) According to the above degeneration mechanism of ECat, boron modification was employed for the regeneration of ECat through weakening the strong acid sites of ECat because of the reaction between framework Al species in zeolites and B 2 O 3 .
(3) Evaluation results demonstrated that, compared with ECat parent, the heavy oil catalytic cracking performance of regenerated ECat had been significantly improved, which made the regenerated ECat in this work could be as substitute for partial fresh FCC catalyst.(4) In comparison with current regeneration method for ECat, the regeneration method of boron modification in this work also possess advantages such as simple procedure, low cost and environmental friendly, which would make a good application prospect for it.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Reaction between framework Al in zeolites and boron.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. A DTBPy /A Py values for fresh FCC catalyst and ECat.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Reaction between framework Al in zeolites and boron.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Reaction between framework Al in zeolites and boron.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for ECat, R-ECat and fresh catalyst.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for ECat, R-ECat and fresh catalyst.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for ECat, R-ECat and fresh catalyst at different catalyst/oil mass ratios.

Figure 7 .Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for ECat, R-ECat and fresh catalyst at different catalyst/oil mass ratios.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for pure fresh FCC catalyst and blended FCC catalyst.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Heavy oil catalytic cracking performances for pure fresh FCC catalyst and blended FCC catalyst.

Table 1 .
[17]iochemical properties for ECat and R-ECat.Figure4exhibits the NH 3 -TPD profiles of ECat and R-ECat.As it shown, both ECat and R-ECat display two main NH 3 -desorption peaks at around of 200 • C and 400 • C respectively, which could be attributed to moderated acid sites and strong acid sites respectively[17].Compared with ECat, the NH 3 -desorption peak area at around of 400 • C for R-ECat obviously decreases, indicating the strong acid sites of R-ECat are successfully weaken by boron modification.

Table 2 .
Acid sites quantities of ECat and R-ECat.

Table 2 .
Acid sites quantities of ECat and R-ECat.